Graham, Thomas. Flagler renamed it the Hotel Cordova, after the street that it was on. Stately and serious, genteel and generous some have even referred to him as "Uncle Henry.". These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. [51] In 1901, Flagler bribed the Florida Legislature and Governor to pass a law that made incurable insanity grounds for divorce, opening the way for Flagler to remarry. Alternately called cruel, philanthropic, pitiless and visionary in his lifetime, Henry Morrison Flagler (1830-1913) was a complicated man. Besides its two refineries and a barrel plant in Cleveland, it possessed a fleet of tank cars and warehouses in the oil regions as well as warehouses and tanks in New York. He recruited Henry Flagler to join him, and the youth went to Ohio at age 14, where he started work in 1844 at a salary of US$5 per month plus room and board. Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was an American philanthropist and heiress who became notorious when she married one of the richest men of the Gilded Age. The rumor mill suspected that this change in priorities was due to Henry's association with one Ida Alice Shourds a red-haired, green-eyed actress who was rumored to have been Mary Harkness Flagler's nursemaid during her final years. 1888: The Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine, 1888: The Casa Monica/ Cordova Hotel in St. Augustine, 1894: The Royal Poinciana Hotel in Palm Beach (on Lake Worth), 1897: The Royal Palm Hotel on the banks of the Miami River, 1901: The Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach (on the Atlantic Coast). [1], Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York. His mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Morrison Harkness. [62], Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. She is next to her mother and Flagler's first wife, Marjorie Mary Harkness Flagler. It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers, thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. Now, imagine two hundred-plus years have passed. . If they refused the offer, Flagler and Rockefeller told them they would run them into bankruptcy and then cheaply buy up their assets at auction. According to historian David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler is believed to either have bought a deferment in 1862 or provided the government supplies instead of service. During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. Carolina Story: Virtual Museum of University History", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Lily_Kenan_Flagler_Bingham&oldid=1125142626, This page was last edited on 2 December 2022, at 11:49. It soon was doing one tenth of all the petroleum business in the United States. The land owners were Julia Tuttle, whom he had met in Cleveland, Ohio, and William Brickell, who ran a trading post on the Miami River. So, the Flagler family (Henry, Mary, little Harry, Jennie, and her first husband, John Arthur Hinckley) spent the winter of 1877-1878 in St. Augustine. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. His half-brother Daniel had left Hopewell to live and work with his paternal uncle Lamon G. Harkness, who had a store in Republic, Ohio. [37], When Flagler envisioned successes in the oil industry, he and Rockefeller started building their fortune in refining oil in Cleveland, Ohio. "The Mary Lily Kenan Conspiracy." At the time, Key West was Florida's most populous city, with a population of 20,000, and it was also the United States' deep water port closest to the canal that the U.S. government proposed to build in Panama. To add to the tragic circumstances, her baby daughter also died. Louis Comfort Tiffany (who was about ten years into his monumental career) was hired to decorate the hotel and craft its windows. Craze became frenzy when Mary Lily Kenan and Henry Flagler married on August 24th, 1901. His attention was consumed by the business of his hotel chains and expanding railroad empire. [33], Upon his ascent to the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt initiated dozens of suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act and coaxed reforms out of Congress. . However, Smith had fallen on some hard times and sold the hotel to Henry Flagler not long after it opened in 1888. In the case of Henry Flagler's life, it seems his personal troubles compounded in the 1890s. But Standard Oil adapted, developing its own European presence, expanding into natural gas production in the U.S., then into gasoline for automobiles, which until then had been considered a waste product. Her eldest daughter, Jennie Louise, was twenty- six. [citation needed], One of the most effective attacks on Flagler and Rockefeller and their firm was the 1905 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Ida Tarbell, a leading muckraker. In 1878, his wife Mary fell ill, and died on May 18, 1881, at age 47, leaving Henry Flagler with a young son to raise alone. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. Expert Help. His lifelong interest was in music and its promotion, primarily in New York City. Henry Morrison Flagler (1830-1913) built this church to the glory of God as a memorial to his daughter, Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict, who passed away as a result of childbirth in 1889. As our little daughter is only 8 month old we wanted to provide her a sheltered place to sit in in the 25 degrees and we wanted to visit the house while we swap over looking after her as . As he grew older, he became determined to never be poor again. The Bingham-Flagler marriage (and questions about her death or possible murder) figured prominently in several books that appeared in the 1980s, when the Bingham family sold the newspaper in the midst of great acrimony. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. "[55], Flagler allegedly used convicts leased from Florida prison camps, the majority of them African-American, to clear land for the Royal Palm Hotel in Miami and to build the Florida East Coast Railway from West Palm Beach to Miami and the rail extension to Key West. Anderson owned a large tract of orange groves west of the Governor's House along King Street the main thoroughfare of St. Augustine and wanted to sell it to Flagler. Immediately, she began taking advantage of the fortune she had married into like any budding socialite, she loved gowns, jewelry, and yachts. Her husband, Henry Morrison Flagler, was fifty-one years old. [12], Undeterred, though vilified for the first time by the press, Flagler and Rockefeller continued with their self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving the efficiency of operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting competition, making secret deals, raising investment pools, and buying rivals out. Hello students! Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. [30] Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java. Perhaps fortunately for Smith, he couldn't come up with the funds,[45] so Flagler began construction of the 540-room Ponce de Leon Hotel by himself, but spent several times his original estimate. "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." July, 1975. pg. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. Ida Alice Shourds became Ida Alice Shourds Flagler in June of 1883 and moved into the Flagler family home the day after their wedding. Flagler's stepbrother Stephen V. Harkness invested $100,000 (equivalent to $1.94million in 2021[6]) on the condition that Flagler be made a partner. According to Florida historian Thomas Graham in his book The Awakening of St. Augustine, an acquaintance of the businessman once inquired about whether his judgment was sound when he decided to invest in Florida (one can imagine that they may not have been acquaintances for very long afterward). MLA: VisitStAugustine.com. "For the longest time, I could not imagine why Jean would save Whitehall," said Mr. Ponce. In January of 1870 at the age of 40, Flagler officially co-founded Standard Oil alongside John D. Rockefeller. After Mary died Henry married her nurse-caregiver, Ida Alice Shourds. Flager and his lawyers defeated all legal challenges and neither the company or its employees were ever convicted in court. It seems that if too many limits had been placed on Henry Flagler's projects, St. Augustine would not be the city we know today. That year he reportedly gave her more than $1 million in jewelry. VisitStAugustine.com. This project sparked Flagler's interest in creating a new "American Riviera." Henry Flagler was born on January 2, 1830, in the little village of Hopewell, in upstate New York, to Elizabeth and Isaac Flagler. By the end of the 1870s, Standard was refining over 90% of the oil in the U.S.[15], In 1877, Standard clashed with Thomas A. Scott the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, its chief hauler. Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. Flagler wanted to take advantage of additional trade with Cuba and Latin America as well as the increased trade with the west that the Panama Canal would bring. Franklin W. Smith had just finished building Villa Zorayda and Flagler offered to buy it for his honeymoon. Henry Morrison Flagler was born in 1830 into humble circumstances, his father a Presbyterian minister. However there were many reports harsh working conditions and forced indebtedness to the company, and malfeasance by labor agents who hired men for the railway. He was 83 years old. Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church, 32 Sevilla Street. Instead, an artificial island was constructed in Biscayne Bay called Flagler Monument Island. His body was sent to St. Augustine on May 23 where he was laid to rest along side of his his first wife Mary Harkness in the Memorial Presbyterian Church mausoleum built for his daughter Jennie Louise. Thus began an era of Flagler's life that he never spoke about to the press one of scrimping and scraping. A large portion of his estate was designated for a "niece" who was said actually to be a child born out of wedlock. Unfortunately, the Key West Extension is viewed as a business failure having "never earned the expected revenue before the Labor Day hurricane of 1935 destroyed it" (Akin 223). 0:00. https://staughs.com/the-mary-lily-kenan-conspiracy/. The voyage was harrowing and long northern tourists traveled by railroad, steamship, and mule-driven omnibus. "I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. [1] The Royal Poinciana Hotel was at the time the largest wooden structure in the world. In just eighteen months of harried work and lavish spending, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was opened for business in January of 1888. Two years after his first wife died in 1881, he married again. The state provided incentive in the form of 3,840 acres (15.5km2) for every mile (1.6km) of track constructed.[49]. [27] In spite of the formation of the trust and its perceived immunity from all competition, by the 1880s Standard Oil had passed its peak of power over the world oil market. The church was dedicated in March 1890. Henry Flagler's daughter, Jennie Louise Benedict, had a baby girl on February 9, 1889. Henry Flagler, son of a Presbyterian minister, had Memorial Presbyterian Church built in memory of his daughter Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict and her newborn daughter Margery, both of whom died in 1889. She and her family were given expensive gifts by Henry Flagler in celebration. Rockefeller admitted later, "We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil. Eldest daughter Jennie Louise died when she was a young woman (more on her later). Control of the Flagler fortune largely passed into the hands of Mary Lily Kenan's family of sisters and brother, who survived into the 1960s. Timeline Sources cited Graham, T. (2014) Mr. Flagler's St. Augustine (A Florida Quincentennial Book). Henry started spending a great deal more time in Florida, soon claiming the state as his permanent residence. Over the course of her marriage to Henry Flagler, Ida Alice Shourds is reported to have begun displaying unstable behavior she was rumored to have a temper, and her fondness for lavish parties and attention did not go unnoticed by Gilded Age Society. These certificates became traded by speculators, thus creating the first oil-futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on. Mary Lily Kenan Flagler inherited the majority of Henry Flagler's fortune but was unlucky enough to die of an apparent heart attack, only five years after Flagler's death. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway. [3], Flagler attended local schools through eighth grade. Henry and Mary had two Carrie died at age three. Imagine how many different perspectives a group of people can have about the same topic. "[63], Miami's main east-west street is named Flagler Street and is the main shopping street in Downtown Miami. Researching those perspectives is like playing the telephone game with the dead; something is bound to get confused.). Flagler was the only person to be divorced under the law before it was repealed in 1905. Carrie died at the age of 3. Augustine. VisitStAugustine.com. Only his son Harry Harkness Flagler survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. [8] By 1872, it led the American oil refining industry, producing 10,000 barrels per day (1,600m3/d). Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost if necessary. HENRY FLAGLER "Father of Florida" American Industrialist Early Days was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York, raised in a. St. Augustine, FL: Flagler College, 2013. Indeed, Mary Harkness Flagler's ailments first brought Henry Flagler to Far Florida. Cleveland became very well known for oil refining, as, "More and more crude oil was shipped from the oil regions to Cleveland for the refining process because of transportation facilities and the aggressiveness of the refiners there. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. whereas said Henry M. Flagler has recently lost by death a beloved daughter and in affectionate remembrance of her has been desirous of erecting some worthy monument to her Memory and believing that nothing should be more accordant with her known wishes and the tenor of her life on earth than that such Memorial should be a temple devoted to the worship of God and the teaching of that living faith in which she lived and died has erected in the City of St. Augustine a church edifice in loving . Flagler's affiliation with the Harkness family would have a fortuitous effect upon his future. Asylum records from this era show women being admitted and held for ailments such as "suppressed menses", "mental {or} religious excitement", and the infamous catch-all "hysteria". Dr. Shelton had attended Flagler's daughter Jennie Benedict when she died from complications after childbirth in 1889. In the springtime of 1870, Mary Harkness Flagler even became pregnant with the couple's third child (the aforementioned Henry "Harry" Flagler). His wife, Mary Harkness, had never been of robust health; she had borne three children. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. Flagler engaged Thomas Hastings and Jean Carrere of the Carrere & Hastings architectural firm to design the hotel. [41] Standard Oil's combined assets equalled approximately $42,882,650 (equivalent to $1.29billion in 2021[6]) in Indiana, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York and Ohio. A Second Wife and a Second Career. . For about fourteen or fifteen years, I have devoted my time exclusively to business, and now I am pleasing myself.'". Though a hard worker, Flagler was widely recognized as a ruthless businessman. Mrs. Those who failed to fulfill these expectations were often punished for it. Then, just a few months before the end of the Ponce de Leon Hotel's second season, Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict died from complications of childbirth. Dazzled by the prospect of tremendous wealth and supported by his father-in-law, Flagler followed the smell of money to Michigan. However, this building's history is tragic and short. Originally published by E.H. Reynolds in St. Augustine Florida, 1892. Nine trustees, including Rockefeller, ran the 41 companies in the trust. Henry's birth heralded the beginning of a decade and perhaps a new start for his family. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. Carrie died at the age of 3. Mary and Henry's first child was Jennie Louise (born March 1855), then Carrie (born June 1858 and named after Henry Flagler's older half-sister, Caroline), then finally, Harry Flagler (born December 1870). Please disable your ad blocker to view the video content. During this trip, they went to St. Augustine and the city intrigued Flagler. His parents were very poor and struggled to feed their family. Through his work with the Harkness company, Henry Flagler made the acquaintance of John D. Rockefeller. Henry Flagler didn't leave the sanitarium wanting, however, as Alice's estate (to which only her Flagler-hired guardians had direct access) was full of Standard Oil stocks. "When John D. Rockefeller was asked if the Standard Oil company was the result of his thinking, he answered, 'No, sir. By 1880, according to the New York World, Standard Oil was "the most cruel, impudent, pitiless, and grasping monopoly that ever fastened upon a country. Congress concluded that newspapers in Florida and across the South spread the deceitful news against Flagler. Flagler was eighteen years older than his 35-year-old bride. He had caught the smell of opportunity in Florida and would eventually follow it all the way south to Key West. Henry Flagler was seventy-one, whilst his beaming bride was thirty-four. Henry Flagler was John D. Rockefeller's most significant business partner at Standard Oil. However, a great cloud of bad luck was soon to fall over the Flagler family. Though Flagler and Rockefeller had long maintained a policy of active silence with the press, they decided to make themselves more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as "capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction. "[27] Over time foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance. After many years of work, it opened on January 10, 1888, and was an instant success. His mother, the widowed Elizabeth Caldwell (Morrison) Harkness, had brought two sons to the marriage with Flagler from her previous marriage to widower Dr. David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. Was Colonel Henry Ostrom's first wife Elizabeth FLAGLER? His father was Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister and great-grandson of Zacharra Flegler, whose family had emigrated from the German Palatinate region to Holland in 1688. Flagler's wife died shortly after the partnership was formed. Last Train to Paradise. Both Elizabeth and Isaac had been married twice before, and Henry had a half- sister (his father's daughter from a previous marriage) named Ann-Caroline, or "Carrie," and a half-brother, Dan Harkness (his mother's . The Venetian Renaissance style of the church is reflected in the pointed arches and Byzantine dome. Although not much is known about Ida Alice Flagler, many sources claim she became fond of opulent parties and leisurely pursuits that were available to the fabulously wealthy. He was born on January 2, 1830 and his birthplace is Hopewell, NY. In 1885 he decided to build a luxury hotel there which would attract the country's elite. [citation needed], Flagler's third wife, Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was born in North Carolina. In 1897, Flagler opened the Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River, overlooking Biscayne Bay. St. Augustine, FL: Saint Augustine Historical Society, 1978. Dan married Lamon's eldest daughter, Isabella, in 1849 (yes, they were first cousins). Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York, to Reverend and Mrs. Isaac Flagler. View Henry Flagler.pptx from HISTORY 10 at Jupiter High School. 91 is preserved inside a Beaux Arts pavilion built to look like a 19th-century railway palace. When the city was incorporated in 1896, its citizens wanted to honor the man responsible for its growth by naming it "Flagler". [10] "Our Own Riviera," Harper's New Monthly Magazine. My 4th great-grandmother, Elizabeth Howes, married (1) William Jones (my ancestor) and (2nd) Colonel Henry Ostrom, of Pleasant Valley & Patterson, Dutchess County, NY. Covert, Robert. Smith helped train the masons on the mixing and pouring techniques he used on Zorayda. After her husband died, Julia and her children returned to Ft. Dallas and purchased 640 acres on the north shore of the Miami River. In an overall calculation of America's oil refineries' assets and capital, Standard Oil surpassed all. Flagler. For many of the competitors, Flagler and Rockefeller had merely to show them the books so they could see what they were up against and make them a decent offer. The Early Years of The Ponce de Leon: Clippings from an Old Scrap Book of those days. Education After his first wife's death, Flagler developed a . Not much more is known about Henry Flagler's early life. In fact, Henry Flagler was so pleased with his Florida projects that he began the construction of a second hotel, just across the street from the Ponce de Leon. They were rightfully concerned about allowing a wildly wealthy individual to have that much control over the public works of St. Augustine. Flagler was in a special position to make those deals due to his connections as a grain merchant. Along with the Ponce de Leon Hotel complex (which included four buildings in total), Flagler was also spending money on the construction of several other projects, including an estate for himself and his second wife, Ida Alice Flagler. Son of the late Henry M. Flagler, but never interested himself in his father's railroad and development projects in Florida, nor in the Standard Oil Co. through his mother, the former Mary Harkness. Featuring air conditioning, The Henry Flagler offers accommodations in Layton. [14] Standard was growing horizontally and vertically. He was the baby of the household, being born several years after the youngest of his siblings. Flagler also pioneered in the development of Florida as a U.S. vacation centre. Flagler and Rockefeller had envisioned the use of pipelines as an alternative transport system for oil and began a campaign to build and acquire them. 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